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UNIX, LINUX & OS X File
Permissions
To view permission information for all
files and directories inside the current working directory,
open a new terminal and type:
ls -l
Here is an example of the output:
drwxr-xr-x 6 user group 204 Dec 30 06:37 images
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 5754 May 20 2005 index.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 9482 Jan 16 16:29 mypage.html
To view permission information
for a particular file (for example:myfile.txt), type:
ls -l myfile.txt
Here is an example of the output:
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 9482 Jan 16 16:29 myfile.txt
Here is a quick reference and diagram
of what "-rwxrw-r--" means:
"r"
means: read
permission
"w"
means: write
permission
"x"
means: execute
permission
Changing file and folder
permissions:
Use the following commands to change
file or folder permissions:
chmod
(change file modes)
chown (change
file owner)
chgrp (change
file group owner)
The following letters represent:
"u" - user/owner
"g"
- group owner
"o"
- all other users
"a"
- for all: user/owner, group owner and all other users.
"r" -
read
permission
"w"
- write
permission
"x"
- execute
permission
Examples of replacing and setting
new permissions:
(Note: Do not use space between any
of the statements (example DO NOT TYPE: u
= rwx)
chmod u=rwx filename
chmod u=rwx directoryname
chmod -R u=rwx directoryname
chmod g=rx filename
chmod g=rx directoryname
chmod -R g=rx directoryname
chmod o=r filename
chmod o=r directoryname
chmod -R o=r directoryname
chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r filename
chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r directoryname
chmod -R u=rwx,g=rx,o=r directoryname
"-R" - means recursively
change permissions of directories and their contents.
chmod a=rwx filename
"a" - for all: user/owner,
group owner and all other users.
Examples of adding or taking
away permissions from the current permissions:
chmod u+w filename
chmod u+w directoryname
chmod -R u+w directoryname
chmod g+w filename
chmod g+w directoryname
chmod -R g+w directoryname
chmod o-r filename
chmod o-r directoryname
chmod -R o-r directoryname
Modifying
multiple permissions examples:
chmod u+w,g+x,o-r filename
chmod ug+rwx filename
chmod ugo+rwx filename
chmod u+w,g+x,o-r directoryname
chmod ug+rwx directoryname
chmod ugo+rwx directoryname
chmod -R u+w,g+x,o-r directoryname
chmod -R ug+w,o-r directoryname
chmod -R ugo+rwx directoryname
"-R" - means recursively
change permissions of directories and their contents.
Examples of changing user/owner:
chown username filename
chown -R username directoryname
Examples of changing group owner:
chgrp groupname filename
chgrp -R groupname directoryname
Examples of changing group owner
and user owner:
chown username:groupname filename
chown -R username:groupname directoryname
"-R" -
means recursively change permissions of directories and
their contents.
Here is some more examples:
chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=rx myfile.txt
Now view the result:
ls -l myfile.txt
-rwxrw-r-x 1 user group 9482 Jan
16 16:29 myfile.txt
------------------------------------------
chmod -R u=rwx,g=rx,o=r directoryname
Now view the result:
ls -l directoryname
drwxr-xr-- 6 user group 204 Dec
30 06:37 images
-rwxr-xr-- 1 user group 5754 May 20 2005 index.html
-rwxr-xr-- 1 user group 9482 Jan 16 16:29 mypage.html
------------------------------------------
chown -R www directoryname
Now view the result:
ls -l directoryname
drwxr-xr-- 6 www group 204 Dec
30 06:37 images
-rwxr-xr-- 1 www group 5754 May 20 2005 index.html
-rwxr-xr-- 1 www group 9482 Jan 16 16:29 mypage.html
------------------------------------------
chgrp -R www directoryname
Now view the result:
ls -l directoryname
drwxr-xr-- 6 www www 204 Dec 30
06:37 images
-rwxr-xr-- 1 www www 5754 May 20 2005 index.html
-rwxr-xr-- 1 www www 9482 Jan 16 16:29 mypage.html
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Bernard Kohan ©
2007
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